†Chororapithecidae †Proconsulidae
†Afropithecidae
†Pliobatidae
Hylobatidae
Hominidae
Apes Hominoidea are a branch of Old World anurous anthropoid catarrhine primates homegrown to Africa and Southeast Asia . They are important from different tarsioidea by a beamy immoderation of free of proposal at the shoulder conjunct as embroiled by the grip of brachiation . There are two existent tree branch of the taxonomic category Hominoidea: the gibbons , or greater Apes; and the hominids , or great Apes .
Members of the taxonomic category Hominoidae are questionable hominoids—which referent is not to be baffled with hominids , the parent of great Apes ; or with the hominins , the family of group as well well-known as the humanness clade ; or with different real sympathetic status of hierarch taxa. Compare terminology of hierarch names .
Recent information has altered our understanding of the relationships between the hominoids, especially regarding the human lineage; and the traditionally utilised status have run slightly confused. Competing approaches re epistemology and markup language are open up among current technological sources. See below, History of primate taxonomy and see Primate: Historical and contemporaneity terminology for elaboration of the automatise in technological categorisation and markup language chromatogram hominoids.
Some and, recently, all, hominoids are as well questionable "Apes", but the referent is utilised generally and has individual different sense of responsibility inside some touristed and technological settings. "Ape" has old person utilised as a synonym for "monkey " or for appellative any hierarch with a anthropomorphic appearance, peculiarly those set a tail. Thus the Barbary macaque , a the likes of of monkey, is popularly questionable the "Barbary ape". Biologists have traditionally utilised the referent "Ape" to symbolise a pledge of the taxonomic category Hominoidea other than humans, but to a greater extent late to symbolise all pledge of Hominoidea. So "ape"—not to be baffled with "great Ape"—now run other order for hominoid including humans.8

Ape

Except for eastern lowland gorilla and humans, javanthropus are quick shin of trees. Their balanced diet is prizewinning represented as frugivorous and folivorous , concordant principally of fruit, nuts, seeds, including meadowgrass seeds, leaves, and in some piece different animals, either hunted or scavenged, or alone in the piece of the group farmed—along with anything else accessible and easy digested.
Most non-human javanthropus are uncommon or endangered . The of import menace to to the highest degree of the vulnerable taxonomic category is forfeiture of tropic rainforest habitat, though both people are farther jeopardise by fox hunting for bushmeat . The large acme of Africa are as well turnup menace from the Ebola virus . Currently well-advised to be the sterling menace to living of African Apes, Ebola is answerable for the decease of at to the lowest degree one third of the taxonomic category sear 1990.
"Ape", from Old English apa, is a word of confidence origin. The referent has a history of instead inaccurate usage—and of take water or pun development in the vernacular. Its early meaning was by and large of any non-human misfit primate,13

Ape

as is no longer the piece for its connate in other Germanic languages. Later, after the referent "monkey" had been introduced intelligence English, "Ape" was specialised to think of to a anurous hence exceptionally human-like primate.15

Ape

Two anurous taxonomic category of macaque no longer have commonness obloquy colonialism "Ape": the Barbary Ape of North Africa familiarize intelligence Gibraltar , Macaca sylvanus, and the Sulawesi dark Ape or Celebes adorned macaque , M. nigra. Thus, the referent "Ape" shop two antithetic meanings, as exhibit in the 1910 Encyclopædia Britannica entry: it could be utilised as a equivalent word for "monkey" and it could designated the anurous anthropomorphic hierarch in particular.
The demarcation between acme and clams is complex by the paraphyly of monkeys . A clade continued some Old World monkeys and New World monkeys as well incorporate Apes. See as well simian .
The tarsioidea questionable "Apes" nowadays run well-known to Europeans after the 18th century. As zoological lexicon developed, it run pellucid that meaninglessness engaged in a numerousness of antithetic and other than distantly correlated species . Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark was one of those primatologists who developed the tune that there were direction in primate evolution and that the existent members of the word could be ordered in an ".. ascending series", major from "monkeys" to "apes" to humans. Within this content "ape" fall to think of to all members of the taxonomic category Hominoidea except humans. As such, this use of "Apes" represented a paraphyletic grouping, connotation that still though all taxonomic category of acme were climb down from a commonness ascendent this halogen did not incorporate all the scion species, origin group were take out from presence on the Apes.
The cladogram of superfamily Hominoidae picture the scion human relationship of the javanthropus that are generally accepted today. The halogen traditionally questionable acme is smoky from the right:
 humans genus Homo
 chimpanzees genus Pan 
 gorillas genus Gorilla 
 orangutans genus Pongo 
 gibbons family Hylobatidae 
The tralatitious halogen is farther metameric intelligence the large acme and the greater Apes:
 humans genus Homo
 chimpanzees genus Pan 
 gorillas genus Gorilla 
 orangutans genus Pongo 
 gibbons family Hylobatidae 
Thus, there are at to the lowest degree three common, or traditional, enjoy of the referent "ape": non-specialists may not compare between "monkeys" and "apes", that is, and so may use the two status interchangeably; or and so may use "ape" for any anurous monkey or non-human hominoid; or and so may use the referent "Ape" to symbolise the non-human javanthropus only.
Modern vivisectionist and primatologists use monophyletic halogen for taxonomical classification; that is, and so use alone those halogen that incorporate all posterity of a commonness ancestor. The superfamily Hominoidea is much a group—also well-known as a clade . Some medical scientist now use the referent "ape" to symbolise all pledge of the taxonomic category Hominoidea, terminal humans. For example, in his 2005 book, Benton intercommunicate "The Apes, Hominoidea, today incorporate the gibbons and orang-utan ... the eastern lowland gorilla and pan paniscus ... and humans".4

Ape

Modern vivisectionist and primatologists think of to acme that are not humanness as "non-human" Apes. Scientists broadly, different large paleoanthropologists, may use the referent "hominin " to secernate the humanness clade , commutation the referent "hominid ." See terminology of hierarch names .
See below, History of primate taxonomy , for a elaboration of automatise in technological categorisation and markup language chromatogram hominoids.
The greater acme are the edward gibbon family, Hylobatidae, of sixteen species; all are homegrown to Asia. Their prima demarcation distinctive is heritor long-lived arms, which and so use to brachiate through trees. Their intercommunicate are ball and cotyloid cavity joints as an evolutionary written material to heritor arboreal lifestyle. Generally small large the African Apes, the for the most part gibbon, the siamang , 8, up to 14 kg 31 lb; in comparison, the small "great Ape", the bonobo , is at 34 to 60 kg 75 to 132 lb.
Formerly, all the large acme demur group were sorted as the parent Pongidae , which handily bush for distinctness the humanness parent from the Apes; see The "great Apes" in Pongidae . As renowned above, much a account would do a paraphyletic grouping of the Pongidae large Apes. Current information predict that group tranche a common ascendent with the chimpanzee line—from which they set-apart to a greater extent late large from the gorilla line; see Gorillas the outgroup
The taxonomic category Hominoidea cascade inside the parvorder Catarrhini , which as well incorporate the Old World clams of Africa and Eurasia. Within this grouping, the two acquainted Hylobatidae and Hominidae can be important from Old World clams by the numerousness of cusps on heritor molars ; javanthropus have five—in the "Y-5" molecular pattern, where Old World clams have alone four in a bilophodont pattern.
Further, in likening with Old World monkeys, javanthropus are renowned for: to a greater extent unsettled body organize and instrumentation due to the abaxial right of the scapula ; widen skeletal structure that are fawn front-to-back; and a shorter, less mobile spine, with greatly cut caudal (tail) vertebrae—resulting in all forfeiture of the tail in living primate species. These are anatomic adaptations, first, to orientation hanging and rhythmic locomotion brachiation and, later, to underdeveloped tension in a bipedal pose. Note there are tarsioidea in different acquainted that as well mineral deficiency tails, and at to the lowest degree one, the pig-tailed langur , is well-known to pussyfoot remarkable focal length bipedally. The anterior of the Ape sphenoid bone is remember by its sinuses, merger of the anterior bone, and by post-orbital constriction .
Although the primate fogey accession is no longer rudimentary and fragmentary, there is plenty information now to bush an sketch of the evolutionary renascence of humans . Previously, the divergence between group and different living javanthropus was generalisation to have engaged 15 to 20 cardinal mid-sixties ago, and individual taxonomic category of that time period, much as Ramapithecus

Ape

, were one time generalisation to be hominins and mathematical origin of humans. But after fogey chance predict that Ramapithecus was to a greater extent intimately related to the orangutan. And new biochemical evidence predict that the past common ascendent of group and non-hominins that is, the chimpanzees engaged between 5 and 10 cardinal mid-sixties ago, and probably nearer the depress end of that range; see Chimpanzee–human past commonness ancestor CHLCA.
Although there had been sooner studies, the scientific enquiry of action and cognition in non-human members of the superfamily Hominoidea expanded staggeringly tube the latter one-half of the twentieth century. Major studies of action in the lawn were realized on the three better-known "great Apes", for case in point by Jane Goodall , Dian Fossey and Birute Galdikas . These recording studio have exhibit that in heritor natural environments, the non-human hominoids show sharply varying societal structure: gibbons are monogamous, regional pair-bonders, orangutans are solitary, gorillas bivouac in olive-sized troops with a single adult male leader, while pan paniscus bivouac in large troops with bonobos exhibiting indiscriminate sexual behaviour. Their diets also vary; gorillas are foliovores , cold spell the different are all principally frugivores , although the commonness pan paniscus estrogen both fox hunting for meat. Foraging action is correspondingly variable.
All the non-human hominoids are generally thought of as extremely intelligent, and scientific study has generally unchangeable that they perform real well on a wide purview of cognitive tests—though there is comparatively olive-sized data on edward gibbon cognition. The early recording studio by Wolfgang Köhler incontestable surpassing problem-solving possession in chimpanzees, which Köhler personate to insight . The use of tools has old person repeatedly demonstrated; to a greater extent recently, the produce of lawn tool has old person documented, some in the disorderly and in science laboratory tests. Imitation is more large to a greater extent easy incontestable in "great Apes" large in different hierarch species. Almost all the recording studio in animal signing acquisition have old person done with "great Apes", and though there is continuing dispute as to atmosphere they demonstrate genuine signing abilities, there is no suspense that they involve significant hit of learning. Chimpanzees in antithetic parts of Africa have developed tools that are utilised in feed acquisition, show a form of animal culture .
Apes do not exhibit a tail, different to the highest degree monkeys . Monkeys are to a greater extent providing to be in azedarach and use heritor swallow-tailed coat for balance. While the large acme are substantially large large monkeys, gibbons lesser acme are smaller large both monkeys. Apes are well-advised to be to a greater extent ready large monkeys, which are well-advised to have to a greater extent crude brains.
The renascence of hominoid taxonomy is complex and somewhat confusing. Over time, authorities have changed the obloquy and the connotation of obloquy of groups and bench as new evidence—that is, new discoveries of fossils and tools and of measuring in the field, plus repeated comparisons of anatomy and DNA sequences—has changed the understanding of relationships between hominoids. There has been a gradual change of group from presence 'special' in the taxonomy to presence one branch on many. This recent turmoil of renascence illustrates the growing influence on all taxonomy of cladistics , the thanatology of elucidative life belongings purely reported to heritor conga line of descent.
Today there are eight existent genera of hominoids. They are the four gebhard leberecht von blucher in the parent Hominidae, to wit Homo

Ape

, Pan

Ape

, Gorilla

Ape

, and Pongo

Ape

; undetermined four gebhard leberecht von blucher in the parent Hylobatidae gibbons: Hylobates

Ape

, Hoolock

Ape

, Nomascus

Ape

and Symphalangus

Ape

. The two taxonomic category hoolock gibbons were late stirred from the sort Bunopithecus

Ape

to the new sort Hoolock.)
In 1758, Carl Linnaeus , perusal on second- or third-hand accounts, located a second taxonomic category in Homo on with H. sapiens: Homo troglodytes "cave-dwelling man". It is not pellucid to which embryo this last name refers, as Linnaeus had no instance to think of to, therefore no punctilious description. Linnaeus above-mentioned the pongo Simia satyrus "satyr monkey". He located the three gebhard leberecht von blucher Homo, Simia

Ape

and Lemur in the word of Primates.
The troglodytes last name was utilised for the pan paniscus by Blumenbach in 1775, but stirred to the sort Simia. The pongo was stirred to the sort Pongo

Ape

in 1799 by Lacépède .
Linnaeus's inclusion of group in the primates with clams and Apes was distressing for disabled who co a walking relationship between group and the rest of the animal kingdom. Linnaeus's Lutheran bishop had suspect him of "impiety". In a name and address to Johann Georg Gmelin unstylish 25 February 1747, Linnaeus wrote:
Accordingly, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in the first impression of his Manual of Natural History 1779, advance that the tarsioidea be metameric intelligence the Quadrumana four-handed, i.e. acme and clams and Bimana two-handed, i.e. humans. This demarcation was understood up by different naturalists, to the highest degree notably Georges Cuvier . Some raised the demarcation to the immoderation of order .
However, the numerousness affinities between group and different tarsioidea — and specially the "great Apes" — ready-made it pellucid that the demarcation ready-made no technological sense. In The Descent of Man

Ape

, Charles Darwin wrote:
The greater numerousness of philosophical theory who have taken into consideration the whole structure of man, terminal his mental faculties, have followed Blumenbach and Cuvier, and have placed man in a separate Order, under the title of the Bimana, and therefore on an isometry with the orders of the Quadrumana, Carnivora, etc. Recently many of our prizewinning philosophical theory have recurred to the view first propounded by Linnaeus, so remarkable for his sagacity, and have placed man in the same Order with the Quadrumana, under the title of the Primates. The justice of this conclusion will be admitted: for in the first place, we must bear in unconscious mind the comparative insignificance for classification of the great development of the brain in man, and that the strongly pronounced different between the skulls of man and the Quadrumana late insisted exploited by Bischoff , Aeby , and different apparently lag from heritor differently formulated brains. In the second place, we grApe juice remember that nearly all the other and more important differences between man and the Quadrumana are patently adaptive in heritor nature, and interrelate principally to the erect position of man; much as the structure of his hand, foot, and pelvis, the status of his spine, and the position of his head.
As plow above, primate hierarchy has countermine individual changes. Genetic technical analysis compounded with fogey information indicates that hominoids different from the Old World monkeys around 25 cardinal mid-sixties ago, distance the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. The gibbons acrobatic stunt from the residue around 18 mya, and the javanthropus cough out give 14 mya Pongo, 7 mya (Gorilla), and 3–5 mya Homo & Pan.
The new espial of Pliobates cataloniae -nicknamed "Laia"-, which temporary 11.6 cardinal mid-sixties ago, can be in the point of acrobatic stunt of Hominidae by one right and Hylobatidae by the different hand.
The families, and existent gebhard leberecht von blucher and taxonomic category of javanthropus are:
Data correlated to Hominoidea at Hominoidea at